Edik Baroni

My wishes for 2012

2011-12-12T10:38:00.000-08:00

The year 2012 will be for us a new year of grace and beauty in the purity of thoughts and body. Happiness will knock on our doors and it will be our companion of the journey of the next year. let's be happy in life with all its seasons. I thank almighty GOD, who keeps his finger on us,will not let us miss his eternal grace!

TRACES OF LOVE

2011-11-28T11:27:00.000-08:00

There was an island, where the feelings and values of men used to live: the Good Humor, Sadness, Knowledge, including Love.
One day it was announced to the feelings that the island was about to sink, so all prepared their boats and left, only Love wanted to wait until the last moment.
When the island was on the verge of sinking, Love decided to ask for help.

The Wealth passed by Love on a luxurious boat and Love said, "Richness, can you take me with you?". "I can not, there is much gold and silver in my boat and I have no place for you."

Then Love decided to ask for pride, which was passing on a magnificent ship:

"Pride please, can you please take me with you?". "I can not help, love," replied the Pride "here everything is perfect, you might damage my boat."

So Love asked the sadness that who was passing: "Sadness please let me come with you." "Oh Love" answered the sadness-" I am so sad that I need to be alone."

Even the Good Humor passed next to Love, but she was so happy that she did not hear who was calling. Suddenly, a voice said, "Come Love, I take you with me." It was an old man saying that. Love felt so grateful and full of joy, that he forgot to ask the name of the old. When they arrived on land, the old man went away.

Love realized that fogot to ask the old man's name: "You know who helped me?". "It was Time" Knowledge answered. "Time?" Love asked again "Why did Time help me?". The Knowing full of wisdom, replied: "Because only the Time is capable to understand what is the importance of Love in life!

Contribution Of Renaissance To Art

2010-08-04T22:14:00.000-07:00

In my opinion, one of the greatest events in the history of art was the Renaissance. The term "Renaissance" comes from the verb "born again", it was said that culture had died with the barbarian invasions and the fall of the Roman Empire, and it was reborn after a thousand years. Modern scholars say the beginning of the Renaissance was around the second decade of the fifteenth century, with the most famous work of Brunelleschi, the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore. It has two extreme phases: the Humanistic and Mannerist period. The Renaissance originated in Italy and from there expanded to all countries of Europe. The main centers of distribution were the Papal Rome, Florence and Venice. The Renaissance expressed the desire to revive the true face of classical art, and it is this fact that artists of the Renaissance inherited ideal of harmony and balance. The ideal man understood as a synthesis of beauty and goodness ideal of harmony between man and nature, between man and God, between reason and faith. One of the typical inventions of this period was the theory of one point perspective by Brunelleschi. We can see this in for the first time in Holly Trinity which is considered the masterwork of Masaccio with the assistance of Brunelleschi himself. The illusionism of the piece is perfect. It is approximately 20 feet tall and is placed on the side wall of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. Christ is represented on the top half, in a coffered, barrel-vaulted chapel. On one side of him is the Virgin Mary, and on the other, St. John. Christ himself is supported by God the Father, and the Dove of the Holy Spirit rests on Christ's halo. Another example of one point perspective is Perugino masterpiece on the wall of the Sistine chapel, which is a scene of Christ Delivering the keys of the Kingdom to Saint Peter. In addition, the greatest masters of Italian Renaissance are considered Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael. Leonardo da Vinci, became famous for his paintings "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa". The Last Supper covers the back wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. The theme was a traditional one for refectories. The other great artist is Michelangelo, who was famous as a painter, sculptor and architect. His most famous paintings are the eleven frescos in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican and the famous "Last Judgment". His most important sculptures are "David", the "Moses" and the "Pieta. Then we have Raphael, who became famous for his "Madonna", portraits and paintings on religious themes. His most famous work in Vatican is The School of Athens, in which we see Plato and Aristotle surrounded by disciples. In the end, I wanted just to show that how great was the contribution of Renaissance to the art. I think there are many other artists and paintings with their specific styles that contributed the Renaissance, but I think it will be necessary write down a few books just to list them.

The Ideology Of Enlightenment

2010-08-04T22:00:00.000-07:00

The Enlightenment is one of the most important intellectual movements in Europe in 17th centaury. It is an age of scientific discovery and industrial revolution. It expressed the conviction that man must be guided by the light of the reason. The Enlightenment originated in England in the late 16th century by the philosopher John Locke , and developed intensively in France from 1630 to 1700. One of the most important French philosophers, mathematicians, physicists of this time was René Descartes (1596—1650). His philosophy will be called Cartesian philosophy. He is the first one who asked who am I. I think therefore I am. He believed in consciousness of himself. He was convinced that we construct who we are. He though about the contradiction with religion, saying God made me or I made myself. Decardes is the first who said I think so I can understand whatever is related in me. It's rational. He talked about the rational prove and science, like how the water becomes steam. The Enlightenment influenced many European painters of the middle and late 1700s. Increasingly, artists looked for inspiration in the material world—in nature and human nature. Some artists showed an Enlightenment interest in science and social issues in their work. Others emphasized a new sensitivity toward individuals.
It's interesting to see who lived between 1700-1780. There are no many artists, because of French academy, which in its high point says how it's possible to become a good French person? Obviously, by being as well as Raphael and not better than him. That's why there is no any master artist in 18 century. We see in 1784 Jacques Louis David who is one of the greatest artist in the modern world. In this year he painted Oath of the Horatii which is the important painting by which David has been accepted in the French Academy . It shows the continuation of the standards of Poussin as he interpreted Raphael and it's called Neo-Classical. It has political and controversial aspects such fighting for a French cause and patriotism. It's interesting to see in 100 years there are no big changes between Poussin's Death of Germanicus and the Oath of the Horatii. In these years the painting had political themes and later we see the result of this philosophy of equality and rights in French revolution in 1789.

Edik Baroni: David In The History Of Renaissance Art

2010-08-01T11:47:00.000-07:00

Edik Baroni: David In The History Of Renaissance Art

Edik Baroni: Impact Of Protestant Reformation On Art

2010-08-01T11:36:00.000-07:00

Edik Baroni: Impact Of Protestant Reformation On Art

Impact Of Protestant Reformation On Art

2010-08-01T11:06:00.000-07:00

The sixteenth century is also characterized as the period of the great religious conflicts that lead to the disintegration of Christian unity in Europe. During the pontificate of Leo X de 'Medici (1513-1521) becomes evident the need to renew the Church spiritually and morally. In 1517 Martin Luther, an Augustinian theologian, put up at the portal of the Church of All Saints in Wittenberg his ninety five theses saying that salvation comes to man not because of works but by grace of God and the Holly Scripture must be interpreted freely by each individual. According to Protestants, in most cases the use of representations by the church was useless. For them the sacred images led them to look for the image itself instead of the God's word. This could direct Christians to practice idolatry and superstition. The Protestants were not only against the use of religious representations (frescoes, altarpieces, sculptures) or preventing its creation, but they also started destroying existing ones. Zwingli and Calvin were intransigent to any images and tinsel of the Church. The term "iconoclasm" breaking images" is one of important conflicts against the art of that time.Catholic Church responded to all these by the Council of Trent by antireform. The decision of the Council was very important for the Catholic Church and for centuries it became a guide which conducted the clergy. They establish very sever and rigid rules for artist. They had to adhere to compliance of Church iconology. This was the price that the Church had to pay to defend the value of its art against the risk of idolatry and superstitions.
Moreover the Council of Trent, concerned with theological issues of religious images confirmed the decision of the Second Council of Nice 325 AD, which agreed to the preservation and worship of representations of Christ and Virgin and other saints. The Council of Trent introduced also a new teaching and emphasized the value of sacred art. They stressed that images can be used as a complementary visual record of Scriptures but there must be no mistakes, and the artist should avoid secular or immoral subjects. The religious and sacred art should be universally understandable and refrain from any bizarre. As we can see the protestant reform influenced the north of Europe and became a sort of obstacle of improving the religious and sacred art in their protestant territory. However, the reform and protestant opposition to Christian art led the Catholic Church to great advances in sacred art. The anti reform decision was to convert the hearts of Christians by sacred images as opposed to the Protestant Reform which wanted to rule the minds by Scripture.

David In The History Of Renaissance Art

2010-08-01T09:32:00.000-07:00

The David is the theme that I chose for this chapter of my blog because he was an important figure in the history of the Judaism and especially for its importance in the history of art in Florence. I chose the four greatest works of art made in different times with different master artists. The oldest David is the one in bronze made by Donatello in Florence about 1440.
It's Measuring 158 cm in maximum diameter of 51 cm and is preserved in the National Museum of the Bargello in Florence. The image of David's victory over Goliath is a symbol of the entire city of Florence by Medici family.
David was made for the courtyard of Palazzo Medici. The most common date is the one that places it among the works of the forties of the fifteenth century when the great sculptor worked for Cosimo de Medici. The hero is depicted standing, in unusually pointed, with a decorated hat by a wreath of laurel. His hairs are long . The body is naked so it shows the beauty of classical and pagan nakedness mixed in this biblical heroic aspect. It shows the liberty of Neo-platonical philosophy in human corporal beauty from all sides. In the second art work we see the Verrocchio's David. He looks like a beardless youth, with hair curled around her face with a slightly smiling. He is wearing a short dress with and old shoes. He holds a hand on her hip and holds a sword. This sculpture also was commissioned by the Medici family.
In Verrocchio's the figure of this biblical hero is no longer naked, but dressed like an adolescent. With the head of Goliath at the feet, David stands victorious. This statue has multiple viewpoints for the audience.The expression is elusive, vaguely pointing to the side, and the toothy grin generates a gradient of expression of adolescent bravado.
The third David is Michelangelo's David, sculpted between 1501 and early 1504. This is widely considered a masterpiece of world sculpture, especially the Renaissance. It is the most famous sculpture by Michelangelo in the world. Some artists and art historians go further to say that it is the most beautiful objects created by humanity. Michelangelo breaks away from the traditional way of representing David. He does not present us with the winner, the giant's head at his feet and the powerful sword in his hand. Rather, he portrays the youth as tense with a sense of gathering power immediately preceding the battle. Perhaps he has caught him just in the moment when he has heard that his people are hesitating, and he sees Goliath jeering and mocking them. In his right hand holds the stone with which will defeat the enemy soon.
The statue is white marble is 17 feet and was commissioned as a symbol of the Florentine republic. Is exposed to the Galleria of academy in Florence.By David has been renewed the canon of Renaissance male beauty. It's interesting to see that the head and hands of Michelangelo's David has a greater proportion than the rest of the . Maybe for a philosophical reason considering head as the reason by which humans think hands as instruments for which reason it uses to operate. The David of the Academy is very different from other interpretations that had preceded him as to the feminine forms, taken from Hellenistic statuary, interpreted as a religious hero whose strength comes from God, but here it conveys an idea of totally self-sufficient force.

A healthy Christian life

2010-01-23T10:11:00.000-08:00

English:

Spiritual life and physical life are extremely connected with each other. We as a persons must live fully these two aspects in order to have a fully successful life. Man can not have inner peace if he doesn't have healthy life. Unfortunately many people overlook one or the other, and have a life without harmony. We have to take care of body and soul to be very mature physically and psychologically. I know it is difficult, because there are all these people in our society who suffer from loneliness and various illnesses! the key to success is allow these two fundamental elements of human life to grow and become mature. The solution to have a life in harmony is to have an ideology based on Christine doctrine and have a regular sports activity. In other words, the church and the gym should become our favorite places after our home. Remember we live only one time in this earth, so lets have a life which we deserve.

Una sana vita Critiana

Italian:

la vita spiritual e la vita corporale sono estremamente connessi uno con l'altro. Noi come persone dobbiamo vivere pienamente questi due aspetti in modo completo per poter avere una vita realizzata. Uomo non puo avere pace interiore se non ha un corpo ed una vita sociale sana. Purtroppo molte persone trascurano uno o l'altro, e vivono una vita senza armonia. Bisogna prendersi cura del corpo e del anima per essere delle persone mature fisicamente e psicologicamente. Lo so e difficile, percio ci sono tutte queste persone nelle nostre societa, le quali soffrono di solitudine e varie malati! la chiave del successo consiste nella conessione di questi due elementi fondamentali della vita umana. La soluzione per avere una vita nella piena armonia sta nel avere una ideologia christinan basata sui insegnamenti christini e avere una regolare attivita sportiva. In altre parole la chiesa e la palestra dovrebbe diventare i luoghi preferiti dopo la nostra casa. Ricordati che viviamo solo una volta su questa terra, percio' dovremmo vivere una vita che ci meritiamo.

Rome the Capital of Christianity

2010-01-05T19:05:00.000-08:00

Rome became the capital of Christianity approximately after 200 years from the death of Jesus Christ for its great culture, of religion and art. Romulus and Remus are the traditional founders of Rome in 5th century BC. This city in a few centuries became one of the most powerful empires which dominated Europe, North Africa and the Middle East for over four hundred years from the 1st Century BC until the 4th Century AD. Christianity was introduced to Rome by two apostles of Christ, Peter and Paul. The Martyrdom of them in 72 AD became the bases of Christianity in this city and later in all of the Roman Empire. Pagan religions and arte were two important aspects that developed in their entire region of domination. Pagan Rome became Christian when the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 and proclaimed religious toleration throughout the empire. After that everything like ideology, art, and life style got a Christian aspect. This happened because the idea was the religion of the Emperor should be the religion of the people, because according to Roman ideology, the senate and the people were connected strongly in a republican government. Later in the upcoming centuries in the Middle Age, the Church of Rome got absolute power over all Europe. This lasted until 19th century. Today the power of the Roman church became a spiritual and ascetic, which directs the whole Church throughout the Catholic world. For all these reasons, Rome still has its power and every year thousands of people visit this city and its churches as pilgrims.
The first important aspect of the Rome from the first century until now is the strong Christian culture in this city. The presence of the Pope as the Bishop of Rome in the Vatican Shows the power of this city over the Christian World. Moreover, the presence of many pontifical universities in this city, which is the best source of Christian theology and philosophy, makes it the live brain of Christian ideology. This city, with its thousands of churches, is a great testimony of Christian culture in two millennia. Furthermore, the presence of bishops, priests, and nuns all over shows its devotion in preparing many dedicated people for this religion. As a result, Rome is the capital of Christian ideology and culture.
The second important aspect of Rome consists in its Christian artistic aspect. Rome is the most artistic city after Florence. The presence of marvelous Christian architectural complexes in Rome testifies Romans' feelings for their religion. For Michelangelo in all over Rome became a part of human example the great works of Leornardo D'avinci, Raffaello, and heritage and all these shows Christian religion in art. Romanesque explains itself and there is no need for any introduction. There is no any other place in the world which can testify to Christianity in art like Rome, because these people were great to show their power in everything especially in art. Therefore, Rome is the artistic capital of Christianity.
In conclusion, Rome is the capital of Christianity for the strong presence of Christian power and for its Christian art, which will remain as a permanent heritage for humanity. This Christian museum, testifies the belief of these people in their religion. Today the presence of all the theologians and philosophers in Rome that accompany the worldwide church leaders makes Rome a reference point for all Christianity. Therefore, for all those reasons, we can call Rome the heart and the capital of Christian Religion.
Edik Baroni

Differences between Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Churches

2009-12-25T13:56:00.000-08:00

We can classify the Church of Jesus Christ into three major groups as Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant. These churches are classified because they differ from each other in their origin, ecclesiastical structure, and the way that they interpret the holly scripture. Despite the efforts of many Saints and many other people who were in charge of the church, today there are many branches inside of the global church, which supposed to be a unique institution. According to historical and theological studies, these divisions are caused by many misunderstandings due to cultural differences and geographical distances. This means that lack of terminology and clear communication of their beliefs during centuries easily directed them to different branches that today we can see. Moreover, many years of separation effected also their ecclesiastical structure and of course the way of commenting and interpreting the Holy Scripture. Therefore, we can classify Christianity in three groups by their origin, their ecclesiastical structure, and the way that they interpret the Holy Scripture.
To begin with, these churches differ from each other in their origins. The Catholic Church was formed in the first century and it is known as the apostolic church because it was founded by the apostles of Christ. The Orthodox Church was formed in 1054, when the bishops of Eastern Europe and the Middle East didn’t accept the primacy o the Pope over them and they declared themselves as independent church. In the sixteenth century the Protestant movement started which was directed by Martin Luther. He led the Reformation, saying that the Catholic Church abused its divine power. Therefore, the study of the origins of these churches gives us a clear idea to classify them in different branches.
Another difference between these churches which allows us to classify them consists in their ecclesiastical structure. Many years of separation of churches caused many reforms which changed their appearance and their ecclesiastical structure. The Catholic Church has a hierarchical structure and there is common doctrine which all Catholic Churches and their primates respect. In contrast to this in the Orthodox Church there is no a centralized power or common doctrine which can guide it. Every prelacy has its autonomy and there is no obligation to obey any other ecclesiastical entity. The protestant Church has more authority, because every single church has its own policy and everything depends on its pastor. Therefore, different ecclesiastical structures allow them to classify these churches in different groups.
The other reason that makes me classify these churches in different branches is the way that they comment on the Holy Scripture. The Catholic Church comments on every single chapter and goes into deep the meaning of the whole chapter in order to understand what the writer wanted to communicate and they not stop in front of the appearance. As an illustration, the Gospel talks about Jesus' brothers. The Protestant Church believes that Jesus had brothers because it is written in Gospel, while the Catholic church by doing some studies on Jewish culture points out that the Jewfishes used to call brothers even their cousins, so statement that Jesus had brothers is not necessarily true. The Orthodox Church uses its classic way. They use their Saints' comments to understand each chapter and there is no innovation. They are very traditional people and are not open to new comments. The entire Protestant church, which generally are more than thousands branches, considers every single word of the Bible as the only real fact and don't accept as a complementary source the comments of Fathers of the Church. Therefore, the way of commenting on scripture is a good way to classify these churches.
In conclusion, due to many years of separation between these three major churches we can see many differences which allow us to classify them in different categories. Their origins, their different hierarchical styles, and the way they comment on the Holy Scripture, dived them into three different branches of Christianity and churches. Even though it is very hard for these churches to come to a unity due to many differences, hopefully it will become a goal for them in order to unify their population under a unified Christian flag of faith, hope, and love.
Edik Baroni

The Shroud of Turin

2009-12-20T17:00:00.000-08:00

1. Introduction

A-History

The Shroud of Turin, also known as the Turin Shroud is a linen cloth preserved in Turin Cathedral, which is visible on the image of a man with signs of torture, abuse and crucifixion. The term "shroud" is derived from the greek σινδών (Shroud), which indicates a good quality linen fabric. The term has become synonymous with the shroud of Jesus. Tradition identifies the sheet as the one used to wrap the body of Jesus in the tomb. According to the gospels, after death of Jesus, his body was taken down from the cross, wrapped in a shroud with bandages and laid in the tomb. The gospel mentions the tissues funeral even after the resurrection. Even though there are many serious reasons to believe in the shroud as the real shroud of Jesus, its authenticity is still under intense controversy. The history of the Shroud before its appearance in the hands of the knight Geoffrey de Charny and his wife Joan of Vergyin in the fourteenth century is not objectively documented. Even though wars, fires and natural disasters have destroyed many tests, there are many common points between what the Gospels tell about the passion of Christ and what appear on the figure of man of the shroud. Another secure date is 1578 which the shroud was brought to Turin, the capital of Savoy and remained there continuously until today. In 1898 the shroud was photographed for the first time and on that occasion it was discovered that the image imprinted on the sheet had the characteristics of a photographic negative. In 1983 Umberto II of Savoy, the last king of Italy given it to the Pope, who delegated the case to the Archbishop of Turin. Later after that with Republican Constitution in Italy (1 January 1948), the Shroud has become state property under the Italian provision XIII, paragraph 3, and the testament of Umberto II was aborted.

b-The sheet and its image:

The Shroud is a linen sheet of yellow ocher, rectangular in shape and size of about 442x113 cm. The thickness is about 0.34 millimeters, and weight is 2.450 kg. Scientists called "Man of the Shroud" that human figure visible on the sheet, to maintain a neutral position on the question of whether or not Jesus. The photographic negative shows an adult male with a beard and long hair. The Man of the Shroud has many wounds. The most obvious are the wounds on his wrists and the balls of feet, consistent with the hypothesis that there have been planted with big nails, and a large cut wound to the chest. The two images represent a human body from the front and the back separated by a space that does not bear traces of the body. They are darker than the cloth. It seems that the Man of the Shroud was placed on the lower half of the sheet (image ridge), and was covered with the other half folded over him (front view). The visible image of body on the Shroud is detailed, thermally and chemically stable and it has a yellowish color that differs from the background. It is a "negative" and it is more natural in the photographic negative than in positive. There are bloodstains on the sheet, which correspond to the correct location of the numerous injuries on the body. All these signs correspond to the traditional iconography of Jesus and the Gospel of the crucifixion
C-The debate over the authenticity:
The authenticity of the Shroud as the true shroud of Jesus has been debated. Discussions resumed in the late nineteenth century, when the first photograph of the Shroud revealed the special characteristics of the image and has attracted the interest of scientists on it. Numerous scientific studies conducted to clarify definitively the question. Many scholars believe that the Shroud is a relic and some others believe that is an icon or depiction Art. According to the theory advanced by Lillian Schwartz, advisor to the School of Visual Arts in New York , The Holy Shroud of Turin is a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci. Schwartz eighties showed, using the computer, analogies between Leonardo's face and that of the Mona Lisa. She used the same program to superimpose the image of Leonardo with that of the Holy Shroud. The Catholic Church does not comment officially on the issue of authenticity, leaving science to examine pro and against evidences, but it authorize the cult as a relic or icon of Jesus' Passion. Several popes, from Pope Pius XI to Pope John Paul II, have also expressed their personal belief in favor of authenticity. Protestant churches consider the veneration of the Shroud and relics in general against Gospel message and do not accept it.

2-Different analysis on the Shroud:

A. Consideration of Carbon 14 :

Radiometric dating using the technique of carbon-14 was used simultaneously and independently in 1988 by laboratories in Oxford , Zurich and Tucson . They date the shroud between 1260 and 1390, which correspond to the period of the history of Shroud. Even though the result of carbon 14 clarified approximately the date of the Shroud, there are many hypotheses that the scientists use samples which were not from the original part of cloth.

B. Examination of the image:

It is believed that the Man of the Shroud is the image of a corpse. The image shows clear signs of rigor mortis. The head is bent forward (the neck is shorter in the image front, longer in the backbone), the left leg is flexed (it can be assumed that the left foot had been nailed above right), the buttocks are round and this is incompatible, assuming endorsing presumably on a flat surface (the stone of the tomb). Moreover, the visible wounds, especially the one at the ribs is definitely lethal. According to some scholars, the holes of the nails are in the wrists and not in the palms of hands. This is because the nails in the palm, typical of traditional paintings, would not allow the tissues to withstand a weight corresponding to that of a man. This is a strong argument against the hypothesis that the Shroud was made by a medieval forger, because in the Middle Ages there was no remembrance of the method of Roman crucifixion.

C. Blood test:

The first tests conducted in 1973 did not indicate the presence of blood on the Shroud, but further tests conducted since 1978 with more modern techniques gave positive results with presence of hemoglobin and other specific substances in the blood. The blood was subsequently identified as human blood group AB. Some researchers dispute these results and argue on the basis of their studies that the blood stains are actually painted with red ocher, vermilion alizarin. In contrast to this some others affirm that the spots were painted with real blood or blood was added to enliven the image over the centuries. However, according to some scholars painting with blood would not be a realistic theory because it would be matted hair making stains indistinct.

3-Conclusion:

A-Catholic Church conclusion:

Pope John Paul II in his Homily regard Veneration of the Holy Shroud in May 24, 1998 stated that the Shroud was a challenge to our intelligence. It is not a matter of faith, and the Church has no specific competence to pronounce on it. It entrusts to scientists the task of continuing to investigate in order to find adequate answers to the questions connected with this Sheet, which according to tradition, wrapped the body of Jesus when he was deposed from the cross. The Church urges that the Shroud be studied without pre-established positions that take for granted results. Moreover the Pope invited scientists to act with inner freedom and attentive respect for both scientific methodology and the sensibilities of believers. He affirmed also that what counts most for the believer is that the Shroud is a mirror of the Gospel. In fact, if people reflect on the sacred shroud, can not ignore the consideration that the image has such a profound relationship with what the Gospels tell of the passion and death of Jesus.

B-Scientific conclusion:

According to an article published in 3 parts in The Glyph, the journal of The Archaeological Institute of America in 1997, The Shroud of Turin is a genuine artifact Roman crucifixion of the first century of an adult Jewish male. The results of carbon 14 for the linen as a product of 14th century were not correct. This was due to C14 which was accumulated during centuries by smoke of candles and heat of the fire of 1532. This research confirmed that there is no paint on the linen of the shroud and is not the artifice of a forger.
Edik Baroni